Bangkok Law Firm

Category: Family Law

Filing of Divorce in Thailand
Family Law

Filing of Divorce in Thailand

Nov 26, 2025 by Legal Advisors 0 Comments #Filing of Divorce, #Filing of Divorce in Thailand, #thailand

Divorce filing in Thailand is a legally structured process designed to dissolve a marriage while protecting rights related to property, children, spousal support, liabilities, residency benefits, corporate shareholding clarity, and long-term financial and social stability. With millions of marriages registered domestically and a steady increase in international unions involving foreign spouses, divorce filing becomes a crucial legal mechanism—not only for separation, but for ensuring fairness, enforcement, dignity, and economic predictability after marital dissolution. Thailand offers two main routes for filing divorce: administrative uncontested divorce and judicial contested divorce. Both operate under regulated procedure governed by national civil law.

1. Legal Basis for Divorce Filing in Thailand

Divorce in Thailand is primarily governed by the family and marital dissolution provisions of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code, which outlines the distinction between shared marital property (สินสมรส) and personal property (สินส่วนตัว), sets procedural enforceability requirements, and confirms that a prenup must be registered before or at marriage to hold division-preventive legal weight later. Enforcement ability for divorces depends on whether the marriage was registered formally at a district-level registry.

Divorce administration is handled by the civil registration authority, the Department of Provincial Administration, operating under the Ministry of Interior. If the divorce becomes contested, the case is heard under the national judiciary framework of the Court of Justice and may move through appeals to higher courts only if statutory thresholds are met.

2. Two Pathways to File Divorce

A. Administrative Uncontested Divorce at a District Office

This is the fastest, cheapest, and least adversarial route for dissolving a marriage in Thailand. It is available only when:

✅ The marriage was formally registered in Thailand, and
✅ Both spouses mutually agree to divorce, asset division, and child arrangements (if applicable).

Spouses file the divorce in person at a district office (สำนักงานเขต / amphur or khet). The district officer verifies identity, consent, documents, and jurisdiction. Required documents generally include marriage certificate, national ID or passport, household registration (for Thai citizens), and presence of two witnesses who confirm voluntary mutual consent. Once approved, officers enter the divorce record into the population registry and issue an official divorce certificate.

Administrative divorce benefits include:

  • No court litigation,

  • Minimal fees,

  • No public prosecution involvement,

  • No adversarial hearings,

  • Guaranteed legal recognition after filing,

  • Immediate effect upon registration, and

  • Ability for post-divorce enforcement petitions if violations arise.

Spouses exiting administrative divorce maintain dignity and avoid emotional weaponization of assets or children.

B. Judicial Contested Divorce Through Court

If one spouse does not consent, or if disputes arise involving:

  • property classification,

  • debt liability crossover,

  • corporate share insertion,

  • withheld payments,

  • inheritance asset contamination,

  • guardian challenge rights, or

  • child custody/support disagreement,

then the marriage can only be dissolved via judicial litigation.

Contested divorce filing is initiated when a plaintiff spouse files a divorce petition complaint (คำฟ้องหย่า / kham fong ya) at an appropriate jurisdictional court, such as specialized or provincial civil benches handling family matters depending on location. Thai law requires the plaintiff to prove statutory grounds for divorce, which may include:

✔ Adultery (ชู้สาว / chu-sao),
✔ Misconduct that seriously insults the other spouse,
✔ Criminal penalty imposed on a spouse,
✔ Desertion for more than one year,
✔ Physical or mental harm,
✔ Incurable illness that endangers the partner,
✔ Failure to support the household, or
✔ Irretrievable breakdown of marriage, proven through evidence.

The court summons the defendant spouse. The defendant files a statement of defense (คำให้การ / kham hai gan). Courts often attempt supervised mediation first before moving to hearings.

If contested divorce is approved, the judge issues a divorce judgment order (คำพิพากษาหย่า), after which the winning party can petition enforcement if the other spouse violates division terms. Appeals go to the Court of Appeal, and final discretionary appeals may go to Supreme Court only where statutory grounds meet threshold.

3. Importance of Filing Divorce Through the Correct Procedure

Filing divorce matters because it:

  • legally dissolves the partnership rather than leaving informal separation assumptions,

  • activates enforceable legal remedies rather than social negotiation chaos,

  • determines rights over assets, custodianship, residency, and liabilities, and

  • prevents later fraud, asset freezing chaos, or guardianship challenges.

If a marriage was not registered, there is no legal marriage to divorce, and separation becomes a private non-marital negotiation, not a legal divorce under Thai law.

4. Property Division After Divorce Filing

Once a divorce is filed, courts (or district offices in mutual cases) determine the status of marital assets. Without a prenup, Thailand defaults to the statutory joint property regime for community assets acquired during marriage.

A prenup helps prevent future ambiguity over ownership classification. Business equity, founder share percentages, corporate bank accounts, trademark licensing income, inheritance segregation, leasing debt classification, bonding insurance liability, and asset ownership definition become clarified through filings. Courts or registrars avoid classification contamination disputes thanks to pre-registered proof.

Common shared assets subject to division include:

  • income acquired during marriage,

  • jointly purchased property,

  • business profits earned post-marriage (unless prenup protected),

  • vehicles, banking interest, investments, logistics revenue, tourism-linked procurement accounts, or royalties.

Prenups can pre-define these regimes before filing, protecting founder companies such as those structured as Thai Limited Companies.

Enforcement execution divisions of Court of Justice may later seize assets or order compliance for violated civil divorce terms.

5. Child Custody and Support Tied to Divorce Filing

If children are involved, divorce filing becomes even more important because it activates enforceable scrutiny under Thai civil family law. Courts or registrars place the child at the center of decisions.

Registered marriages guarantee clear lawful parenthood assumptions. If custody becomes contested, the plaintiff may file a child custody petition complaint (คำฟ้องปกครองบุตร / kham fong pok-krong but) at the civil court handling family matters. Courts consider:

  • best interests of the child,

  • financial capacity of each parent,

  • medical and welfare continuity structures,

  • stability of environment,

  • abuse or neglect risk, and

  • parenting involvement credibility.

Child support is morally enforceable for both spouses. If disagreement arises, child support petitions may be heard through civil litigation rather than administrative filing for support terms.

6. Debt, Liability, and Corporate Continuity Importance

In modern Thailand, entrepreneurs and employees increasingly rely on financing instruments including:

  • SME loans,

  • personal credit lines,

  • procurement credit,

  • long-lease debt,

  • bonding insurance exposure,

  • commercial trade liabilities, or

  • logistics agreements tied to ports.

A divorce filing system is essential because it prevents automatic debt contagion unless co-signed or co-guaranteed. Prenups can legally segregate debts so one spouse is protected from the other’s business risk exposure.

This is especially valuable for business owners such as founders working under Thai Limited Company structures operating in export or logistics sectors.

Corporate shareholding disputes related to divorce may also be heard by specialized benches, preventing shareholder collapse storms that disrupt companies like international electronics partners or energy suppliers such as national energy corporations.

7. Visa, Residency, and International Legal Recognition

For Thai-foreign marriages, divorce filing also legally determines residency benefits, visa sponsorship validity, embassy recognition chains, and international marital legitimacy.

Once divorce is registered or final judgment issued, spouses may request translation or authentication of divorce certificates for international use through Thai government channels or embassies, enabling legal recognition abroad.

8. Post-Divorce Enforcement and Appeals

  • Administrative divorces are effective immediately upon registration.

  • Judicial divorces become effective after judgment unless appealed.

  • Appeals are filed to the Court of Appeal, not directly to URLs.

  • Enforcement petitions may include wage garnishment, asset seizure, eviction enforcement, corporate partition enforcement, withheld payment recovery, or breach injunction reinforcement.

Enforcement execution officers operate under Court of Justice execution divisions, ensuring compliance feasibility.

Conclusion

Divorce filing in Thailand is vital because it:

✔ formally dissolves a legal marriage,
✔ enables enforceable resolution over property, children, and liabilities,
✔ prevents debt and shareholder contagion,
✔ supports mediation and dignified separation pathways, and
✔ creates legal clarity for domestic and cross-border spouse rights.

Rather than producing instability, Thailand’s divorce filing ecosystem reinforces predictability, fairness, legal maturity, diplomatic stability, economic sovereignty, child welfare protections, and long-term justice infrastructure sustainability.

Marriage Registration in Thailand
Family Law

Marriage Registration in Thailand

Nov 26, 2025 by Legal Advisors 0 Comments #marriage registration, #Marriage Registration in Thailand, #thailand

Marriage registration in Thailand is one of the most essential civil procedures, offering legal recognition, protecting family rights, ensuring economic security, safeguarding children’s welfare, enabling inheritance planning, granting spousal protections, stabilizing asset regimes, legitimizing international family status, and reinforcing national governance credibility. Thailand’s expanding economy, international mobility, and ASEAN integration mean that marital rights must operate within enforceable legal infrastructure, not informal cohabitation assumptions. The process does not only formalize a partnership—it secures a couple’s rights under Thai law and creates clarity that reduces conflict exposure for families, investors, SMEs, and cross-border spouses.

1. Establishing Legal Recognition of the Marital Relationship

Unregistered relationships in Thailand are not treated as legally binding marriages. Cohabitation, ceremonies, religious blessings, or community acknowledgment do not create spousal rights until formal registration is completed. Marriage registration transforms a personal union into a recognized legal status administered by the civil authority, the marriage becomes legally enforceable, and both spouses acquire statutory rights and responsibilities. Legal recognition underpins family stability and ensures partners are not left without remedies when future disputes arise.

The registration process is overseen by the civil registration authority: the Department of Provincial Administration, operating under the Ministry of Interior. Once registered, the marriage is entered into the national population registry, allowing legal systems, courts, banks, insurers, and state agencies to verify marital status without ambiguity.

2. Securing Property and Financial Rights

Thailand applies a default marital property regime for registered spouses under the Thailand Civil and Commercial Code unless a prenuptial agreement pre-defines separation before registration. Registering a marriage guarantees clarity over:

  • community assets acquired during marriage,

  • separate personal property, and

  • enforceable property division rules in divorce.

Without marriage registration, a partner cannot rely on automatic statutory joint property classification, making high-value assets easier to contest in civil litigation. Registered status protects financial fairness, reduces asset-classification disputes, and aligns ownership governance with enforceable legal precedent. This also strengthens business founder share safety and ensures no spouse can later claim unregistered co-ownership without documentation support.

3. Granting Spousal Protection and Legal Remedies

Marriage registration activates spousal legal protections. Registered spouses gain enforceable rights to challenge:

✅ wrongful asset transfer without consent,
✅ abandonment claims,
✅ legal standing in civil lawsuits,
✅ hospital visitation rights, and
✅ legal consent authority in emergencies.

If a dispute escalates to litigation, cases involving marital rights are handled by first-instance civil courts under the Bangkok South Civil Court or provincial equivalents depending on jurisdiction. Legal remedies remain impossible or extremely limited for unregistered partners.

4. Enabling Inheritance and Succession Rights

Registered spouses inherit automatically under Thai law, unless a will specifies otherwise. When a marriage is registered, spousal succession rights become legally active within probate law. This is especially essential when:

  • family-owned land,

  • ancestral estates,

  • corporate shareholding,

  • personal savings,

  • insurance benefits,

  • rights to survivor pension funds, or

  • long-term lease agreements

are involved.

Without registration, a partner has no default inheritance right, increasing estate exposure to extended family conflicts, probate refusal, compensation confusion, or asset-freeze storms. Registered status prevents a spouse from being excluded unintentionally from succession chains and protects families from structural inequality outcomes.

Wills and probate matters that evolve into disputes may be heard by the Supreme Court of Thailand if appeals pass statutory thresholds after Court of Appeal review. Registration often prevents disputes from reaching appeal stages by pre-stabilizing family legal standing in probate.

5. Protecting the Rights of Children

Marriage registration also affects children’s legal status. Registered marriages create automatic lawful parenthood assumptions for both spouses. When parents are married and registered, children gain:

✔ secure legal identity classification,
✔ clearer custody rights if divorce occurs, and
✔ protected welfare recognition without legitimacy challenges.

Child custody, child support, and legitimation filings are compoundable private claims tied to registered marriages and are legally scrutinized under Thai civil law instead of falling into informal negotiation chaos or unsupported status.

Support obligations are morally enforceable for both spouses, even when custody terms are later resolved, reducing the risk of children being weaponized into household asset disputes. This contributes to dignity in family law negotiation and child welfare continuity cultures.

6. Legalizing International Family Status

Thailand is one of the most popular destinations for Thai-foreign marriages. Registration becomes even more crucial for cross-border spouses because it enables:

🌏 international verification of marital status,
🌏 embassy acknowledgment,
🌏 visa sponsorship pathways,
🌏 work permit spousal benefits,
🌏 international asset recognition, and
🌏 compliance with bilateral family treaties and international legal standards.

Foreign couples marrying in Thailand also rely on official registry recognition for validation in home jurisdictions. Once registered, marriage certificates may be authenticated for international use through Thai government channels.

7. Activation of Family Financial Benefits and Insurance Rights

After marriage is registered, spouses can legally list each other in:

  • life insurance beneficiary plans,

  • workplace pension successor clauses,

  • survivor compensation frameworks,

  • Social Security benefits, and

  • medical welfare registration systems.

The Social Security Office accepts spousal registration only when marriage is formally recognized, ensuring employees can enroll spouses into health coverage or survivor benefit frameworks without future interpretation battles.

8. Supporting Divorce Filing Options (Administrative vs Judicial Dissolution)

Thailand allows spouses to divorce administratively at the district office only when the marriage was registered. If a divorce becomes contested, the case proceeds to judicial litigation, but administrative divorce—fast, cheap, peaceful—remains an available pathway only because the marriage was registered properly first.

Registered status allows dissolution to follow a clean track that prevents:

  • informal separation abuse,

  • asset classification attacks,

  • passport seizure threats,

  • corporate ownership storms, or

  • partner retaliation cycles.

This preserves public stability and reduces emotional weaponization of the marriage exit process.

9. Enforcing Legal Ethics in Corporate, Labor, and Commercial Claims

Marriage registration also indirectly improves ethics in:

  • labor claims involving spousal benefits,

  • corporate ownership definition fights,

  • import-export SME legitimacy, and

  • investor marital asset classification benchmarks.

Legally recognized spouses operating businesses or receiving income do not face discrimination or financial misclassification abuse as easily as unregistered partners do. Disputes often act as early warning indicators of regulatory gaps, and when marriages are registered, these gaps become resolvable under structured legal evidence, not competing narratives.

10. Strengthening National Governance, Economic Confidence, and Regional Diplomacy

Thailand competes for investment within ASEAN markets. Its marriage registration infrastructure signals:

🏛 legal maturity,
🏛 neutral governance,
🏛 enforceable population registry systems,
🏛 international family rights alignment,
🏛 growing dispute-resolution credibility, and
🏛 diplomatic stability in cross-border commercial, labor, and family agreements.

This contributes to foreign investment appeal and workforce stability because partners know Thailand treats marital status as a legally verified condition, not a cultural assumption open to contest.

Conclusion

Marriage registration in Thailand is vital because it:

✔ legally recognizes the union,
✔ secures property governance,
✔ activates spousal rights and legal remedies,
✔ enables inheritance and succession,
✔ protects children’s welfare status,
✔ supports administrative divorce pathways,
✔ grants insurance and Social Security standing, and
✔ legitimizes international family verification.

Rather than being merely symbolic, marriage registration is the legal foundation for marital rights, financial separation clarity, inheritance continuity, corporate governance stability, child welfare protection, and Thailand’s global reputation for legal accountability. In a commercial landscape defined by enforceable rights, predictable law, dispute infrastructure credibility, and international mobility, registration stands not as formality—but as preventive legal infrastructure for family dignity, economic stability, and national progress.

Prenuptial Agreement in Thailand
Family Law

Prenuptial Agreement in Thailand

Nov 26, 2025 by Legal Advisors 0 Comments #prenuptial agreement, #Prenuptial Agreement in Thailand, #thailand

A prenuptial agreement has become one of the most valuable legal tools for couples planning to marry in Thailand—whether Thai-Thai, Thai-Foreign, or foreign couples marrying domestically. Far from signaling mistrust, a well-drafted prenup protects both emotional stability and financial security by preventing uncertainty, preserving personal assets, reducing litigation risk, promoting transparency, and strengthening long-term marital harmony. In Thailand, the law recognizes freedom of contract in marriage preparation, provided agreements comply with statutory requirements and public policy principles.

The legal backbone for prenuptial agreements is found in the Thailand Civil and Commercial Code, which defines property regimes between spouses, requirements for enforceability, and the rule that a prenup must be made before the marriage, must not violate legal rights or public order, and must be registered at the time of marriage to be legally valid. The actual marriage registration in Thailand process is administered by the Department of Provincial Administration under the Ministry of Interior.

1. Protection of Personal Assets Acquired Before Marriage

A core benefit of a prenup is shielding assets owned prior to marriage. Without a prenup, Thailand automatically applies the statutory marital property regime, under which assets gained during marriage (สินสมรส / marriage property) may be treated as jointly owned unless proven otherwise, while personal property (สินส่วนตัว) remains separate. However, disputes commonly arise over whether certain assets—business revenue, land purchases, real estate developments, dividends, luxury purchases, investments, or intellectual property income—are personal or joint.

A prenup removes ambiguity early by contractually defining what remains personal regardless of timing. This is especially important for individuals owning high-value property in Bangkok, Chiang Mai, or Phuket. Real estate such as villas or condominiums developed before marriage can be protected without future risk of classification disputes. This also safeguards inherited property, personal savings, pre-marriage land, jewelry, cars, art collections, and private investment portfolios from marital division conflicts.

2. Shielding Family Inheritance and Inter-Generational Wealth

Thailand places strong legal weight on inheritance law, yet probate disputes between spouses and extended family members are among the most emotionally destructive civil conflicts. A prenup can ring-fence inheritance, family heirlooms, generational land, trust-adjacent family arrangements, agricultural estates, and ancestral assets so that they are not re-classified during marital dissolution, business profit disputes, or liquidation asset storms.

Families often insist on prenups when property is historically rooted or when estate continuity is important. Wealth linked to private enterprises and family-owned distribution networks can remain secure. This prevents legal “contamination” of inheritance into joint marital pools, reducing long-term conflict exposure between a spouse and family successors.

3. Preventing Debt Liability Crossover Between Spouses

One of the most under-discussed but critical advantages concerns debt protection. Many modern Thai workers and entrepreneurs operate with loans, trade credit, SME financing, personal credit lines, supply-based debt, or business liabilities. Without pre-definition, spouses may become dragged into each other’s financial obligations during divorce or insolvency proceedings.

A prenup can segregate personal debt, corporate liabilities, procurement credit obligations, guarantor bond exposure, leasing debt, informal lending repayment responsibility, and business trade debts so one spouse is legally protected from the other’s risk profile. This is particularly beneficial for business owners operating SMEs or licensed corporations, including manufacturing supply partners and port-adjacent fuel import networks.

Prenups create clear terms stating:

  • personal debts remain personal,

  • no automatic spousal guarantee applies, and

  • one spouse’s creditor claim cannot seize the other’s protected assets unless co-signed.

This prevents household financial collapse due to individual business risk, encouraging entrepreneurial freedom without threatening marital financial contagion.

4. Business Ownership Protection and Corporate Continuity Planning

Thailand hosts a large population of entrepreneurs and investors establishing companies through frameworks such as the Thai Limited Company. When founders marry without a prenup, future disputes may disrupt operations through shareholder panic, forced liquidation requests, or cross-spousal corporate ownership claims.

A prenup allows:

✅ defining who owns what percentage regardless of post-marriage profits,
✅ protecting founder shares from division,
✅ preventing a spouse from being automatically inserted as a shareholder,
✅ preserving voting rights, and
✅ sustaining company continuity even if divorce occurs.

This protects company-birthed assets such as trademark licensing income, corporate bank accounts, export credit, manufacturing royalties, digital asset revenue, and regional procurement contracts from dissolution litigation storms.

5. Reducing Divorce Litigation and Expensive Court Proceedings

If marriages dissolve, Thailand follows formal divorce law under the Civil and Commercial Code. If a disagreement emerges on asset division, these cases go to civil litigation. Trade disputes and joint asset classification conflicts are filed at Thailand’s first-instance civil court dockets or commercial benches.

Prenups drastically reduce litigation frequency by pre-determining:

  • property ownership,

  • debt responsibility,

  • business equity,

  • inheritance segregation,

  • bank account classification,

  • spousal maintenance overlaps,

  • international asset inclusion terms, and

  • legal compliance boundaries.

When ownership is pre-registered within marriage documentation, the chance of a contentious divorce entering multi-year litigation backlog declines sharply. This protects both family dignity and corporate stability.

6. Providing Legal Protection for Foreign Spouses Under Thai Law

Thailand allows foreign nationals to marry Thai citizens, but restrictions apply to foreign ownership of land. Many foreign spouses invest through long leases, condominium purchase pathways, or legally structured nominee-free arrangements.

A prenup protects foreign spouses by confirming:

✔ foreign-owned investments remain separate,
✔ no automatic Thai spousal ownership insertion applies,
✔ pre-marriage asset investments abroad are recognized, and
✔ Thai regulatory restrictions cannot be used as leverage to seize foreign assets during marital disputes.

This ensures that legal, high-value investment decisions made by a foreign spouse before or during a marriage are not weaponized in divorce or family litigation retaliation cycles.

7. Supporting Divorce Planning Ethics Without Emotional Destruction

A strong prenup can prevent emotional weaponization of property. In many Thai family cases, conflict escalates emotionally because asset ownership becomes tied to feelings of betrayal rather than law. When expectations are clearly written and joint-vs-personal boundaries are contractually agreed upon before marriage, later resentment declines, resulting in cleaner, faster, calmer, and less adversarial separations if divorce ever occurs.

This promotes:

  • emotional fairness,

  • dignified dissolution terms, and

  • child custody negotiations that remain human-centered instead of asset-centered.

8. Promoting Transparency and Inspiring Responsible Financial Planning

A prenup opens a healthy financial discussion early. Couples inventory assets together, which leads to:

💡 better money management,
💡 realistic marital expectations,
💡 improved financial governance,
💡 shared planning of household roles, and
💡 reduced future miscommunication over earnings or property regimes.

Prenups encourage long-term budgeting systems and reduce hidden financial behavior, benefiting marital trust even when assets remain separate.

9. Encouraging Structured Family Responsibility Without Legal Confusion

Prenups may also clarify:

  • spousal support planning (optional but strategic),

  • shared expense frameworks,

  • healthcare liability expectations,

  • international asset inclusion limits,

  • life insurance beneficiary planning,

  • child support values (morally agreed, not criminally enforced), and

  • asset management responsibility.

While prenups cannot violate child support or welfare rights, they can clarify contribution values outside of a divorce dispute, promoting cooperation instead of legal contest.

10. Quick Appeal and Enforcement Stability Through Registration

By registering the agreement at marriage, the prenup becomes an enforceable part of the marriage docket at the local registrar under the Department of Provincial Administration, rather than staying a private document with weak legal weight. This transforms the agreement into legally recognized pre-classification evidence, preventing later court interpretation fights.

Conclusion

In Thailand, a prenuptial agreement:

✔ preserves personal assets,
✔ protects inheritance,
✔ segregates debt risk,
✔ shields business equity,
✔ reduces litigation exposure,
✔ supports foreign spouse security,
✔ improves marital transparency, and
✔ strengthens long-term harmony.

Rather than reflecting distrust, a prenup reflects preparedness, fairness, legal maturity, and financial responsibility. In a country where property disputes, corporate ownership fights, debt liability storms, and contract interpretation ambiguity can fuel emotionally destructive litigation, Thailand’s prenup ecosystem stands as preventive legal infrastructure—designed not for separation, but for stability.

Child Legitimation in Thailand
Family Law

Child Legitimation in Thailand

Nov 21, 2025 by Legal Advisors 0 Comments #Child Legitimation, #Child Legitimation in Thailand, #thailand

Child legitimation is one of the most significant legal processes in Thai family law, especially in situations where a child is born to parents who are not legally married. Under Thai law, a mother automatically receives full parental power over a child born outside of marriage, while the biological father has no legal rights or responsibilities unless legitimation is formally completed. This creates a unique legal landscape that makes child legitimation essential for fathers who wish to play an active, recognized, and lawful role in their child’s life. Understanding the importance of legitimation is crucial for both Thai citizens and foreign parents, as it affects custody, support, inheritance, and the child’s long-term well-being.

1. Legal Context of Child Legitimation

In Thailand, child legitimation is governed by the Thai Civil and Commercial Code (CCC). According to the law, a child born outside of marriage is considered the legitimate child of the mother but not of the father unless:

  1. The parents marry after the child’s birth

  2. The father registers legitimation at the local district office (with the child’s and mother’s consent)

  3. The father obtains a court judgment declaring legitimation

This legal framework ensures that only committed and responsible fathers acquire parental powers and obligations. Legitimation is not automatic, even if the father’s name appears on the birth certificate. Instead, it requires conscious action and consent, reinforcing the importance of lawful recognition.

2. Why Legitimation Is Important for Fathers

A. Establishing Legal Parental Rights

Without legitimation, a biological father has no legal authority regarding:

  • Custody

  • Visitation rights

  • Decision-making on education, healthcare, religion, or travel

  • Ability to relocate the child

  • Ability to include the child in legal matters or immigration applications

Legitimation grants the father parental power, giving him equal standing with the mother in raising and protecting the child.

B. Strengthening the Parent-Child Relationship

Legal recognition provides emotional and psychological stability for both the father and the child. It allows the father to become a legitimate, permanent part of the child’s life, not just biologically but legally and socially.

3. Importance for the Child’s Rights and Welfare

Legitimation significantly impacts the child’s legal identity and long-term rights.

A. Inheritance Rights

Only legitimate children have full rights to inherit from their father under Thai law. Without legitimation, the child may be excluded from inheritance or face complicated legal battles.

B. Statutory Benefits and Support

A legitimized child has the right to:

  • Child support from the father

  • Benefits such as medical coverage, pension claims, or insurance (if applicable)

  • Legal protection and representation from both parents

This ensures the child is fully supported and safeguarded.

C. Nationality and Immigration Rights

In international families, legitimation is often vital to ensuring that the child:

  • Acquires the father’s nationality

  • Can be included in the father’s visa or residency applications

  • Can travel abroad with either parent without legal obstacles

For foreign fathers with children in Thailand, legitimation often becomes the foundation for securing their child’s immigration or citizenship status.

4. Importance for the Mother

Legitimation also offers important benefits for mothers.

A. Legal Support from the Father

Once legitimated, the father becomes legally responsible. This includes:

  • Sharing child support obligations

  • Participating in major decisions

  • Providing financial and emotional stability

B. Preventing Unilateral Control

Legitimation creates a more balanced legal structure, ensuring that raising the child becomes a shared duty rather than the exclusive responsibility of the mother.

C. Facilitating Travel and Schooling

Schools, hospitals, and government offices often require consent from individuals with parental power. Legitimation allows the father to participate formally and reduces administrative burdens on the mother.

5. Legitimation and Custody Issues

Legitimation does not automatically grant the father full custody, but it gives him the right to request it.

A. Custody After Legitimation

Once legitimated, both parents hold parental power unless they agree otherwise or a court decides based on the child’s best interests.

B. Protecting the Father’s Right to See the Child

Without legitimation, a mother may legally deny contact. Legitimation ensures that the father has enforceable visitation rights, subject to court approval if disputes arise.

6. Legitimation in International and Mixed-Nationality Families

Thailand has many families involving foreign parents, making legitimation crucial in cross-border legal situations.

A. Travel, Passports, and Relocation

Many foreign embassies require proof of legal paternity before issuing a passport or allowing a child to immigrate.

B. Avoiding Legal Disputes Abroad

Legitimation ensures that the child is formally recognized under Thai law, reducing complications in foreign courts when dealing with:

  • Custody

  • Child support

  • Parental visas

C. Cultural and Identity Benefits

Mixed-nationality children benefit from being able to legally claim both sides of their heritage.

7. Importance of Court Proceedings When Consent Is Not Given

Sometimes the mother or child (if old enough) does not consent to legitimation. In such cases, the father may file a petition with the Thai Family Court. Court involvement is important because:

  • It investigates paternity

  • It ensures that the child’s interests come first

  • It resolves disputes formally and permanently

The court may order DNA testing to confirm biological fatherhood. Once legitimation is granted by the court, it must be registered at the district office to take legal effect.

8. Long-Term Social and Emotional Importance

Beyond legal and financial aspects, legitimation fosters:

A. Identity and Belonging

Children benefit psychologically from knowing they are legally recognized by both parents.

B. Family Stability

Legitimation encourages fathers to take responsibility and strengthens family unity.

C. Protection Against Future Conflicts

When parents separate later, legitimation ensures a clear legal framework for custody, support, and parental authority.

9. Practical Benefits of Completing Legitimation Early

Completing legitimation early in the child’s life helps avoid:

  • Conflicts during schooling

  • Issues with medical treatments requiring parental signatures

  • Travel restrictions

  • Delays in passport applications

  • Disputes over inheritance

  • Custody complications if parents separate later

Early legitimation reduces legal risks and gives the child long-term security.

Conclusion

Child legitimation in Thailand is far more than a legal procedure—it is a cornerstone of the child’s identity, rights, and future stability. It provides essential protections for the child, empowers responsible fatherhood, and ensures that both parents can participate equally in raising their child. Whether the family is Thai or international, legitimation creates a secure foundation for everything from custody and support to nationality and inheritance. Understanding and completing the legitimation process is one of the most important steps unmarried parents can take to safeguard their child’s well-being, rights, and opportunities for a stable and prosperous future.

Child Support in Thailand
Family Law

Child Support in Thailand

Nov 21, 2025 by Legal Advisors 0 Comments #child support, #Child Support in Thailand, #thailand

Child support is one of the most vital components of family law in Thailand, designed to ensure that children receive the care, resources, and opportunities they need to grow and thrive, regardless of the marital status of their parents. Whether parents are married, divorced, legally separated, or were never married, Thai law places the highest importance on the welfare and best interests of the child. Child support ensures that both parents—regardless of custody arrangements—share the financial responsibility of raising their children. Understanding the principles, legal framework, and practical applications of child support in Thailand is essential for both Thai and foreign parents.

1. Legal Foundations of Child Support in Thailand

Child support in Thailand is governed primarily by the Thai Civil and Commercial Code (CCC). Under the law, parents are obligated to provide for their children until they reach legal adulthood, typically at the age of 20, unless the child becomes self-supporting earlier.

The scope of child support includes:

  • Education

  • Medical care

  • Food and clothing

  • Housing

  • Daily living expenses

  • Other essential needs for their well-being

Even if a parent does not have custody, they are still legally required to contribute to their child’s upbringing. This principle underscores the Thai legal system’s belief that both parents play an ongoing role in a child’s development, regardless of relationship status.

2. When Child Support Applies

Child support obligations arise in various situations:

Married Parents

During divorce or separation, the court will determine which parent should provide support and how much. Even when custody is shared, courts typically establish support obligations to ensure financial stability.

Unmarried Parents

In cases where parents were never legally married, child support still applies—provided the father’s paternity is legally established. This often requires child legitimation, which can be done by mutual agreement, through administrative registration, or by court order.

Foreign and Mixed-Nationality Families

Child support is especially critical in international families. Parents living abroad or earning income outside Thailand are still financially liable. Courts may assess income, ability to pay, and the child’s needs when determining appropriate support.

3. How Child Support Is Determined

Unlike some countries that have fixed formulas, Thailand assesses child support on a case-by-case basis. The court evaluates several key factors:

The Child’s Needs

The child’s age, education, health, lifestyle, and general well-being are central considerations.

Parents’ Financial Status

The court assesses:

  • Each parent’s income

  • Property or assets

  • Financial obligations

  • Ability to earn

This ensures the child receives support that is fair and realistic based on both parents’ circumstances.

Living Arrangements

Whether the child lives primarily with one parent or in a shared custody arrangement will influence the support order.

Best Interests of the Child

Overall, the guiding principle is always the child’s welfare. The court aims to maintain or improve the quality of life the child enjoyed prior to the parents’ separation.

4. Types of Child Support

Child support in Thailand generally falls into two categories:

1. Ongoing Support

This is typically a monthly payment used for everyday needs such as food, education, and housing. Courts may also include provisions for inflation or changes in circumstances.

2. Lump-Sum Support

In some cases, a one-time payment may be ordered to cover specific costs, such as tuition fees, medical expenses, or long-term care.

Both parents may agree on a support amount privately, but it must be formally documented and approved by the court to be enforceable.

5. Enforcing Child Support in Thailand

If a parent fails to comply with a child support order, Thailand provides several legal remedies to ensure enforcement:

Court Execution

The custodial parent can request the court to seize assets, garnish wages, or take other enforcement actions.

Civil Lawsuits

A parent may file a civil case demanding payment of overdue support.

Criminal Penalties (in some cases)

In extreme situations—such as intentional abandonment—criminal charges may apply, though this is rare and typically reserved for severe neglect.

Travel Restrictions

Though not automatic, courts may consider restrictions in high-risk international cases to prevent the non-paying parent from evading obligations.

The law takes child support seriously, as non-payment directly affects the child’s welfare.

6. Modifying a Child Support Arrangement

Life circumstances can change, and Thai law recognizes the need for flexibility. Either parent may request a modification if:

  • Their financial situation improves or worsens

  • The child’s needs change (e.g., new school, medical issues)

  • The custodial arrangement changes

  • One parent becomes unemployed or gains significantly higher income

Courts review modification requests with the same priority: the child’s best interests.

7. Child Support and Parental Rights

Paying child support does not automatically entitle a parent to custody or visitation rights, nor does failure to pay support eliminate these rights. Custody and support are related but legally distinct issues.

Support Without Custody

A parent without custody must still provide financial support.

Visitation Rights

The paying parent typically retains visitation rights unless the court finds that visitation would harm the child.

Shared Parental Power

Even when one parent pays support, both may still share parental authority unless a court decides otherwise.

This separation ensures financial responsibility is not conditional on the parental relationship.

8. Importance of Formal Child Support Agreements

Parents sometimes agree informally on support without a legal document. While this may work temporarily, it becomes problematic if one parent later refuses to contribute or attempts to change the arrangement.

Thai law strongly encourages formal, court-approved agreements to:

  • Ensure enforceability

  • Prevent misunderstandings

  • Establish clear amounts and payment schedules

  • Protect the child’s interests

  • Provide security in international situations

A notarized or court-registered agreement is essential in cases involving foreign parents, travel, or relocation.

9. Child Support in International Contexts

Thailand handles many cases involving parents living overseas. The international dimension makes child support more complex, but courts prioritize the child’s needs and adapt orders as necessary.

Key considerations include:

  • International income sources

  • Currency exchange

  • Cost of living differences

  • Cross-border enforcement

  • Travel and relocation issues

Parents abroad may still be obligated to pay support to the custodial parent in Thailand, and vice versa.

10. The Importance of Child Support for the Child’s Future

Child support is more than a legal requirement—it is a commitment to a child’s future. Consistent financial support helps children access:

  • Quality education

  • Proper nutrition

  • Healthcare

  • Stable housing

  • Emotional security

  • Opportunities for personal development

When parents cooperate, children experience less emotional distress, even during difficult family transitions. Child support thus plays a major role in promoting the child’s physical, emotional, and developmental well-being.

Conclusion

Child support in Thailand is a fundamental legal obligation that ensures children receive the essential financial care needed to live healthy, stable, and fulfilling lives. The Thai legal system emphasizes the child’s best interests above all, ensuring that both parents share responsibility regardless of marital status or nationality. By understanding how child support works—its legal foundations, enforcement mechanisms, and importance in protecting the child’s welfare—parents can make informed decisions that promote a secure and supportive future for their children.

Child Custody in Thailand
Family Law

Child Custody in Thailand

Nov 21, 2025 by Legal Advisors 0 Comments #Child Custody, #Child Custody in Thailand, #thailand

Child custody is one of the most significant and sensitive areas of family law in Thailand. When parents separate, divorce, or are no longer able to live together, determining who will care for the child and how those responsibilities will be shared becomes a central legal and emotional issue. Thai law emphasizes the protection, stability, and development of the child above all else, ensuring that custody arrangements serve the child’s best interests rather than the preferences of either parent. Understanding the importance of child custody in Thailand is essential for both Thai and foreign parents, especially when navigating the legal process in cases involving mixed-nationality families or international marriages.

1. Child Custody as a Means of Protecting the Child’s Best Interests

The primary purpose of child custody laws in Thailand is to uphold the best interests of the child. Thai courts assess factors such as the child’s age, emotional needs, health, education, and overall well-being. While parents may disagree on custody arrangements, the court’s duty is to ensure that the child receives proper care, guidance, and support. This includes evaluating the parenting skills and stability of each parent, the child’s relationship with each parent, and the parent’s ability to provide a safe and nurturing environment.

In Thailand, the law recognizes that children require love, attention, and guidance from both parents. Therefore, even when one parent is granted primary custody, the other parent is typically given visitation rights or shared responsibilities unless such involvement would be harmful to the child. This balanced approach reflects the importance placed on maintaining the child’s emotional connection with both parents.

2. Legal Framework Supporting the Child’s Welfare

The Thai Civil and Commercial Code (CCC) governs child custody, outlining the rights and duties of parents regarding a child’s upbringing, education, and property. The law highlights that both parents have joint parental power over their child unless otherwise decided by the court. When disputes arise, the court intervenes to protect the child’s welfare.

Custody cases may involve temporary orders, long-term arrangements, or modifications to existing agreements when circumstances change. The law also mandates that children’s opinions may be considered depending on age and maturity. This ensures that custody decisions reflect not just legal standards but also the child’s personal needs and perspectives.

3. Ensuring Stability and Emotional Support for the Child

One of the core reasons child custody is crucial in Thailand is its role in ensuring the child’s long-term stability. Divorce or separation can be emotionally challenging for children, and unclear custody arrangements can heighten anxiety, confusion, and stress. A clear and structured custody plan helps children adapt to new family dynamics with fewer disruptions to their schooling, routines, and social environment.

Stability is particularly important for younger children, who rely heavily on routine and consistent emotional support. Thai courts often favor arrangements that allow children to maintain familiar surroundings, such as continuing to live in their current home or staying within the same school system. This minimizes the emotional impact of parental separation and supports the child’s healthy development.

4. Protecting Children in Cases of Conflict, Neglect, or Abuse

Child custody laws in Thailand also play a critical role in protecting children from harmful environments. In cases where one parent is unable or unfit to care for a child due to issues such as domestic violence, neglect, substance abuse, or financial instability, the court may limit or revoke that parent’s custody rights.

Through custody proceedings, the court ensures children are placed in safe, supportive environments where their physical and emotional needs are met. Custody may be awarded solely to one parent, or to a guardian or relative, if doing so is necessary to safeguard the child. The availability of court-monitored visitation and supervised interactions further protects children from potential harm while preserving family bonds when appropriate.

5. The Role of Child Custody in International Families

Thailand is home to many international families, and child custody becomes especially important in such cases. Complex issues may arise when a child has one Thai parent and one foreign parent or when parents live in different countries. Legal guidance is often necessary to prevent disputes involving relocation, international travel, or parental abduction.

Thai courts carefully assess cross-border custody issues to ensure that the child remains protected and that both parents’ rights are respected. For foreign parents, understanding the Thai legal system is crucial because custody decisions made in Thailand may have implications in other jurisdictions. The importance of clear custody orders is even greater in these situations to avoid lengthy international legal battles and ensure the child’s stability.

6. Promoting Cooperative Parenting After Separation

Child custody arrangements in Thailand are designed to encourage cooperation between parents. Even after divorce or separation, parents are expected to work together to make decisions about the child’s education, medical care, religion, and general upbringing. Cooperative parenting supports the child’s emotional well-being and reduces conflicts that may negatively affect the child.

Shared custody or joint parental power promotes the idea that both parents remain significant contributors to the child’s life. This collaborative approach reflects Thai cultural values that emphasize family unity and the collective upbringing of children.

7. Financial Responsibilities Tied to Custody

Child custody also has a financial component, as both parents are legally obligated to support their child. This includes education, healthcare, food, housing, and other basic needs. In many cases, the parent who does not have primary custody contributes through child support payments. The law ensures that custody and financial responsibilities work hand-in-hand to secure the child’s welfare.

This financial aspect reinforces the importance of custody arrangements by providing a practical framework to meet the child’s everyday needs. Properly structured custody and support arrangements reduce financial disputes and allow the child to enjoy a stable quality of life.

8. Importance of Legal Documentation and Court Orders

Formalizing child custody arrangements through court orders is essential for both parents. Without legal documentation, disputes may arise regarding travel, schooling, medical decisions, or relocation. A legally recognized custody agreement clarifies each parent’s rights and obligations, reducing misunderstandings and protecting the child from being caught in parental disputes.

For international travel or relocation, court-approved custody documents are often required. Proper legal documentation ensures that decisions made for the child are respected both domestically and internationally.

Conclusion

Child custody in Thailand is fundamentally about protecting the best interests and well-being of the child. It ensures emotional stability, physical safety, financial support, and continuity in a child’s life following parental separation or divorce. Whether through cooperative parenting, legal intervention, or structured support arrangements, the custody process helps parents and courts create an environment where children can thrive. For families navigating separation—especially in multicultural or international contexts—understanding the significance of child custody is essential to ensuring a positive, secure future for the child.

Marriage Registration in Thailand
Family Law

Marriage in Thailand

Dec 25, 2024 by Legal Advisors 0 Comments #marriage, #Marriage in Thailand, #thailand

Marriage in Thailand is an intricate blend of cultural traditions, legal requirements, and modern practices. Understanding the processes and nuances involved is essential for both Thai nationals and foreigners planning to marry in Thailand. This comprehensive guide delves into the cultural aspects, legal framework, procedural requirements, and implications of marriage in Thailand.

Cultural Aspects of Marriage in Thailand

Traditional Thai Wedding Ceremony

Thai weddings are rich in cultural traditions and rituals. The traditional Thai wedding consists of several key components:

  • Engagement Ceremony (Khan Maak): This is a formal engagement where the groom presents the bride’s family with gifts, including money and gold, symbolizing his ability to provide for her.
  • Merit-Making Ceremony: This involves offering food to monks to earn merit for the couple’s future together.
  • Water-Pouring Ceremony (Rod Nam Sang): Family and friends pour water over the couple’s hands, offering blessings and best wishes for their marriage.
  • Sai Monkhon Ceremony: The couple’s heads are linked with a white thread, symbolizing unity and the bond of marriage.

Modern Influences

While traditional ceremonies are still prevalent, many couples also incorporate modern elements into their weddings. Western-style ceremonies and receptions, complete with white gowns and tuxedos, have become increasingly popular. It is common for couples to have both traditional and modern wedding celebrations.

Legal Framework for Marriage in Thailand

Governing Laws

Marriage in Thailand is governed by the Civil and Commercial Code (CCC), which outlines the legal requirements and procedures for marriage registration. The CCC ensures that marriages are legally recognized and that the rights and responsibilities of spouses are protected.

Legal Requirements

To legally marry in Thailand, both parties must meet the following requirements:

  • Age: Both parties must be at least 17 years old. Individuals under 20 need parental consent.
  • Consent: Both parties must freely consent to the marriage.
  • Single Status: Both parties must be single, meaning they are not currently married to anyone else.
  • Mental Competence: Both parties must be of sound mind and capable of understanding the implications of marriage.

Procedural Requirements

For Thai Nationals

The process for Thai nationals to marry is relatively straightforward:

  1. Identity Verification: Both parties must present their identification cards.
  2. Documents: Necessary documents include identification cards and house registration certificates.
  3. Marriage Registration: The couple must register their marriage at the local district office (amphur). The registration involves signing official documents and having witnesses present.
  4. Marriage Certificate: Once the marriage is registered, the couple receives a marriage certificate.

For Foreign Nationals

Foreign nationals wishing to marry in Thailand must complete additional steps:

  1. Affidavit of Freedom to Marry: Foreigners must obtain an affidavit from their embassy in Thailand, certifying that they are free to marry. This document must be translated into Thai and legalized at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  2. Identity Verification: Foreigners must present their passports and the translated, legalized affidavit.
  3. Marriage Registration: The couple must register their marriage at the local district office, following the same process as Thai nationals.
  4. Marriage Certificate: After registration, the couple receives a marriage certificate, which can be translated into their home language and legalized if needed for international use.

Post-Marriage Considerations

Name Change

In Thailand, it is common for the wife to take the husband’s surname, although this is not legally required. If either spouse wishes to change their surname, they must update their identification documents and official records.

Property and Finances

Thailand operates under the principle of community property, meaning that assets acquired during the marriage are jointly owned. It is advisable for couples to discuss and agree on financial arrangements, including property ownership, bank accounts, and investments.

Prenuptial Agreements

A prenuptial agreement can help clarify the division of assets and financial responsibilities in case of divorce. This agreement must be made before the marriage and registered at the same time as the marriage registration.

Children and Parental Rights

Children born to married couples in Thailand are considered legitimate and have the same rights as those born within wedlock. Parents share joint custody and responsibility for their children. It is important for parents to be aware of their legal obligations and rights concerning their children’s upbringing, education, and welfare.

Implications of Marriage in Thailand

Legal Recognition Abroad

Marriages registered in Thailand are generally recognized internationally. However, it is important for foreign nationals to verify the recognition of their Thai marriage in their home country. This may involve additional steps such as translating and legalizing the marriage certificate.

Immigration and Residency

Marriage to a Thai national can impact immigration status. Foreign spouses can apply for a Non-Immigrant O visa, allowing them to stay in Thailand. They may also apply for a marriage visa, which requires proof of financial stability and regular reporting to immigration authorities.

Divorce

Understanding the legal implications of divorce is crucial. Thailand allows for both mutual consent and contested divorces, with specific grounds required for the latter. Issues such as property division, child custody, and alimony are determined based on Thai law and the specifics of each case.

Conclusion

Marriage in Thailand is a multifaceted process that encompasses cultural traditions, legal requirements, and practical considerations. Whether you are a Thai national or a foreigner, understanding the cultural aspects, legal framework, and procedural steps is essential for a successful marriage. From traditional ceremonies to modern practices, and from legal registration to post-marriage implications, being well-informed ensures that couples can navigate the complexities of marriage in Thailand with confidence and clarity. By honoring both the legal and cultural aspects of marriage, couples can lay a strong foundation for their future together.

Family Law

Thailand Marriage Registration

Feb 2, 2023 by Legal Advisors 0 Comments #marriage registration, #prenuptial agreement, #proper documentation, #thailand

When two people decide to get married, they need to register the marriage as legally binding in Thailand. This is done at a local district office (called an amphur in Thailand).

To be able to register your marriage, you will need to submit some documents to the amphur and show them along with two witnesses. Once you have this, the registrar will issue you a marriage certificate in Thai which can then be translated into English and/or your own language.

If you are a foreign national, you will need to obtain an affirmation from your embassy. This is an affidavit that confirms that you are legally free to marry. It must then be translated into Thai by an approved Foreign Ministry translator and certified.

You will then need to take this document to your nearest Amphur or Khet. They will be able to tell you whether or not they are able to register your marriage as a Foreigner and what is required of you. They will also inform you of how long the process will take and the best time to go.

The Amphur or Khet will ask you to bring your passport with you. This will then be checked and they will then contact the embassy and the ministry of foreign affairs to ensure that all the paperwork is correct. Then they will contact you back with a date for the registration.

It should take a couple of days at most for the registration to be completed. This does not include the time it takes to obtain the embassy papers and translations etc.

Once the embassy has done their checks they will call you back and tell you that it is ready to be registered at the Amphur or Khet. This will then take another day or so for the Amphur to be able to complete the marriage registration.

In most cases you will be asked to fill out an application form and provide a photocopy of your passport and an authenticated affirmation. You will then need to provide 2 witnesses and have the documents translated into Thai by an approved translation service.

A lot of the embassies are very strict on this and they will not accept your application unless you have all the proper documentation. In some cases they will require that the documents are sent to them by mail and then they will verify them before allowing you to marry.

This is very important to make sure that you have everything in order, because if there are any errors on the registration it could be rejected by the Amphur or Khet and this can cause a lot of problems for you.

If you have any questions about marriage registration or need help with obtaining the necessary documents, don’t hesitate to get in touch with our family lawyers. They will be able to assist you and make the process as stress-free as possible for you.

You should also consider registering your prenuptial agreement at the same time as the marriage registration. This will enable the parties to have legal proof of their rights on their assets and prevent future disputes.

Thai Fiancee Visa - Bangkok Law Firm
Bangkok Law, Family Law

Thai Fiancee Visa – Bangkok Law Firm

Sep 14, 2012 by Legal Advisors 0 Comments #bangkok, #lawyer, #real estate, #thailand, #us visa

Obtaining a Thai K-1 Visa does come with its own problems. Many times people consider the costs – which is small considering an appeal – and do it themselves. There are certain conditions which will prohibit a Thai K-1 Visa approval. Getting married or engaged can be a happy time in your life until something goes wrong with the Thai visa application. This can be due to many issues. These are a few examples:

Certain conditions and activities may make an applicant ineligible for a visa. Examples of these ineligibilities are:

  1. Trafficking in Drugs
  2. Having HIV/AIDS
  3. Overstaying a previous visa
  4. Practicing polygamy
  5. Advocating the overthrow of the government
  6. Submitting fraudulent documents

The most common issue in Thailand both for Americans and British citizens are the previous overstaying of a Thai visa. This I would think is the most common problem. The governments frown on this and usually do not allow another visa application. You need to speak to an immigration attorney about how to apply for a waiver with regards to this and how long it normally takes. Speak to any of our immigration attorneys with regards to appeals and waiver applications

 

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